TOMSK BATH FARMS ROBLEMS IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY: HYGIENIC ASPECT
DOI: 10.23951/1609-624X-2017-5-42-48
The article discusses the problems of the development of one of the essential objects of the urban environment of Tomsk at the beginning of the 20th century - bathhouse facilities. This topic has not been the subject of special scientific research yet. Bath as an urban infrastructure element was a popular public institution where people could perform not only hygiene, but also relax, spend free time, communicate with other people. Analyses the existing сentral and local legislation regarding the construction and maintenance of the municipal baths, rules of their functioning in accordance with sanitary requirements, describes the real sanitary condition of the Tomsk baths and its causes. Provides the characteristics of public, room and family baths, their similarities and differences in the quantity and quality of services provided. It is concluded that there is insufficient number of baths to meet the basic needs of residents in maintaining personal hygiene. Shows the role of the urban sanitary commissions in the implementation of sanitary monitoring of bathing establishments, maintenance of cleanliness and disinfection in them. Attention is focused on such problems of Tomsk bath economy, as lacking of sewerage, water supply (up to 1905-1908), poor ventilation device, closets and pits for water drainage, irregular disinfection, presence of parasites (lice, worms) and high probability of contracting infectious, skin, venereal and other diseases.
Keywords: Tomsk, bath economy, commercial (public) baths, bathhouse license, city environment, sanitary and hygienic condition
References:
1. Gurevich A. Ya. Istoricheskiy sintez i «Shkola Annalov» [Historical synthesis and the “School of the Annals”]. Moscow, 1993. 319 p. (in Russian).
2. Ginzburg K. Syr i chervi. Kartina mira odnogo mel’nika, zhivshego v XVI v. [The cheese and the worms. Picture of the world of one miller, who lived in the XVI century]. Мoscow, 2000. 272 p. (in Russian).
3. Krom M. Povsednevnost’ kak predmet istoricheskogo issledovaniya (vmesto predisloviya) [Everyday life as a subject of historical research (instead of introduction)]. Saint-Petersburg, 2003. Pp. 7–14 (in Russian).
4. Pushkareva N. L. Chastnaya zhizn’ zhenshchiny v doindustrial’noy Rossii. X – nachalo XIX v. Nevesta, zhena, lyubovnitsa [The private lives of women in pre-industrial Russia. X – beginning of the XIX century. Bride, wife, lover]. Moscow, 1997. 330 p. (in Russian).
5. Orlov I. B. Sovetskaya povsednevnost’: istoricheskiy i sotsiologicheskiy aspekty stanovleniya [Soviet everyday life: historical and sociological aspects of formation]. Moscow, 2010. 317 p. (in Russian).
6. Lebina N. B. Povsednevnaya zhizn’ sovetskogo goroda: Normy i anomalii. 1920–1930 gody [Everyday life of a Soviet city: Norms and anomalies. The years 1920–1930]. Saint-Petersburg, 1999. 320 p. (in Russian).
7. Lyudke A. Chto takoye istoriya povsednevnosti? Eye dostizheniya i perspektivy v Germanii [What is the history of everyday life? Its achievements and prospects in Germany]. Sotsial’naya istoriya. Ezhegodnik. 1998–1999 [Social History. Yearbook. 1998-1999]. Moscow, 1999. Pp. 77–100 (in Russian).
8. Karavaeva E. V. Sanitarno-prosvetitel’skaya i meditsinskaya deyatel’nost’ Russkoy pravoslavnoy tserkvi sredi sel’skogo naseleniya vo vtoroy polovine XIX – nachale XX v. (po materialam Tomskoy eparkhii). Avtoref. dis. … kand. ist. nauk [Sanitary-educational and medical activities of the Russian Orthodox Church among the rural population in the second half of XIX – beginning of XX centuries (on materials of the Tomsk diocese). Abstract of thesis cand. hist. sci.]. Omsk, 201. 25 p. (in Russian).
9. Lityagina A. V. Svetskoye prosveshcheniye i povsednevnaya zhizn’ gorozhan Zapadnoy Sibiri vo vtoroy polovine XIX – nachale XX v. [Secular education and the daily lives of townspeople of Western Siberia in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries]. Biysk, 2014. 180 p. (in Russian).
10. Bashkuev V. Yu. O nekotorykh problemakh sanitarnogo sostoyaniya uezdnogo goroda Verhneudinska v posledney chetverti XIX v. [On some problems of the sanitary condition of the County town of Verkhneyudinsk in the last quarter of the XIX century]. Vlast’ – Power, 2014, no. 3, pp. 34–139 (in Russian).
11. Tatarnikova A. I. Sanitarnoye blagoustroystvo gorodov Zapadnoy Sibiri v kontse XIX – nachale XX v. [Sanitary accomplishment of the cities of Western Siberia in the late XIX – early XX century]. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya, filologiya – Vestnik Novosibirsk State University. Series: History and Philology, 2016, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 96–107 (in Russian).
12. Zverev V. A. Usloviya zhizni sibiryakov i pereselentsev v 1920-e gg. (Po materialam massovykh sanitarnykh obsledovaniy) [The conditions of life of Siberians and immigrants in the 1920s (By materials of mass sanitary surveys)]. Prepodavaniye istorii i obshchestvoznaniya v shkole – Teaching history and social studies in school, 2012, no. 8, pp. 13–22 (in Russian).
13. Shalamov V. A. Obraz zhizni krest’yanstva Vostochnoy Sibiri v 1920–1930-e gg. (na materialakh Irkutskoy oblasti i Krasnoyarskogo kraya). Avtoref. dis. … kand. ist. nauk [The lifestyle of the peasantry of East Siberia in the 1920–1930s (on the materials of Irkutsk region and Krasnoyarsk region). Abstract of thesis cand. hist. sci.]. Irkutsk, 2011, 21 p. (in Russian).
14. Kosyakova E. I. Razvitiye bannogo khozyaystva Novosibirska v kontekste istorii gorodskoy povsednevnosti (konets XIX – pervaya tret’ XX v.) [The development of bath economy of Novosibirsk in the context of the history of urban everyday life (the end XIX – first third XX century)]. Aspirantskiy sbornik NGPU – 2003: Po materialam nauchnykh issledovaniy aspirantov, soiskateley, doktorantov. Pod red. А. Zh. Zhafyarova [Postgraduate collection of the Novosibirsk state pedagogical university – 2003: on materials of scientific research of post-graduate students, applicants, doctoral students. Ed. A. Zh. Zhafyarov]. Novosibirsk, 2003, part 4, pp. 107–115 (in Russian).
15. Gorod Tomsk [The City of Tomsk]. Тomsk, Tipo-lit. Sibirskogo t-va pechatnogo dela Publ., 1912. 570 p. (in Russian).
16. Pamyatnaya knizhka Tomskoy gubernii na 1912 g. [The memorial book of Tomsk province in 1912]. Тomsk, Tip. gub. upr. Publ., 1912. 1, 199, 164, 52 p. (in Russian).
17. Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Tomskoy oblasti (GATO) [State archive of Tomsk region]. F. 3. F. 2. D. 4722 (in Russian).
18. Sibirskaya zhizn’ [Siberian life]. 1907. 13 April, no. 4 (in Russian).
19. Ustav stroitel’nyy, izmenennyy i dopolnennyy uzakoneniyami, obnarodovannymi po 1 dekabrya 1914 g. Sost. M. Shramchenko [The building statute, amended and supplemented by the laws promulgated on December 1, 1914. Complier M. Shramchenko]. Petrograd, 1915. 510 p. (in Russian).
20. Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Tomskoy oblast (GATO) [State archive of Tomsk region]. F. 3. Op. 40. D. 443 (in Russian).
21. O prinyatii mer k ozdorovleniyu g. Tomska v sanitarnom otnoshenii [On the adoptions of measures to improve the health of the city of Tomsk]. Izvestiya Tomskogo gorodskogo obshchestvennogo upravleniya [News of Tomsk Municipal Public Administration] 1909, 30 august (in Russian).
22. Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Tomskoy oblast (GATO) [State archive of Tomsk region]. F. 3. Op. 2. D. 4823 (in Russian).
( 401.38 kB ) 
( 392.81 kB )
Issue: 5, 2017
Series of issue: Issue 5
Rubric: RUSSIA OF THE LATEST TIME
Pages: 42 — 48
Downloads: 770